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TELEVISION INDUSTRY
There are different types of ownership in the television industry. These include private ownerships, public services, independent companies and conglomerates.
PRIVATE OWNERSHIPS
Private ownership is where a television company is funded by advertising and does not need to meet standard securities and filing requirements. An example of a television company under private ownership is ITV. From 2001 until 2013, ITV was called ITV1. ITV operates in all of the United Kingdom including the Channel Islands. ITV is the biggest and most popular commercial television channel in the UK, supplying shows such as Coronation Street and Emmerdale. Coronation Street was one of the first ever soap operas to be put on ITV, transmitting since 1960, when the original channel first broadcast on 1955. ITV has contended with BBC One to be known as the UK's most watched television channel since 1955. ITV has two types of programming: Daytime programming and Primetime programming. Daytime programming is where programmes on a particular channel is scheduled to air between the hours of 06:00 to 17:00. Generally, television channels air local news at 18:00. At this time, programming changes from daytime to primetime. Examples of daytime programming programmes for ITV include Good Morning Britain, Lorraine, The Jeremy Kyle Show and The Chase. Examples of Primetime television programmes (after 17:00-18:00) on ITV include Benidorm, Birds of a Feather, Britain's Got Talent and I'm a Celebrity....Get Me Out Of Here! ITV also includes Weekend programming, which means certain programmes are only aired at weekends. These include The X Factor, Take Me Out and occasional movies showing during the day and night. Private ownerships have many advantages. One advantage includes ITV only runs on advertising funds because there are advertising companies that want their adverts on TV and are willing to pay a large amount of money. This can be great for private ownerships, such as ITV, as the more popular the channel, the more money the channel will generate. A disadvantage of a private ownership is that public owner channels, including the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), do research to find out what audiences want, whilst private ownerships don't do as much research as what public services do.
Sale franchises from company to company to form ITV
PUBLIC SERVICES
Public service is where a television company is funded by the government, which everyone with a TV pays for. This is known as a TV license. Public service television companies have to take on public interests, for example if the public complains about a certain programme run by the BBC, the BBC will then have to make changes or if the show doesn't get a number of views, the show will then get cancelled. An example of a public service television company is BBC. The British Broadcasting Company is the world's oldest national broadcasting organisation airing shows such as Strictly Come Dancing, EastEnders and The Apprentice. EastEnders normally rivals with Coronation Street on many award shows in the category of Most Popular Serial Drama and also compete at the British Soap Awards, which celebrate the very best of soap operas on television. EastEnders first aired on the BBC in 1985. The BBC is the world's oldest national broadcasting company, going all the way back to October 1922 (93 years ago), employing over 20,000 staff. BBC One not only airs dramas, but also air many panel shows, comedies and reality shows, to fit the needs of the public. Panel shows including A Question of Sport (1968-Present), Have I Got News For You? (1990-Present) and QI (2003-Present). Comedies including The Catherine Tate Show (2004-2007, 2008, 2013-Present (programme changed to 'Catherine Tate's Nan'), Not Going Out (2006-Present) and American Dad (2008-2016, was then moved to ITV2). Reality shows including Blue Peter (1958-2012, 2013-Present), Countryfile (1988-Present) and I Survived a Zombie Apocalypse (2015-Present). BBC also air movies exactly three years after official release, these are normally aired at English holidays and traditions, such as Christmas and Easter. One advantage that a public service like the BBC has is that the general public that watches the BBC can watch television hows that are specifically designed for them. A disadvantage though would be the public would sign up for companies such as Sky, who don't need a TV licence. Paying a TV licence means paying more money.
According to www.publications.parliament.uk, this shows the governance structure of the television public service, BBC
INDEPENDENT OWNERSHIP
An independent television ownership operates without funding. In these terms, an independent television company doesn't have funding or organisations of major television companies. An example of a independent television PRODUCTION company is Cactus TV Ltd. Cactus TV Ltd is a television production company, located in London, and provides programmes such as The Crime Thriller Club (ITV3) and Saturday Kitchen (BBC One). Cactus TV have made the programme Saturday Kitchen since 2006. It is transmitted live from the Cactus Studios in Clapham High Street every Saturday and features famous chefs cooking delicious dishes for celebrities. This show normally generates two million viewers every Saturday morning. An advantage of an independent television ownership is that they can control everything they do, in this case Cactus TV Ltd controls everything, including production, transmission, camera equipment and costs. The only disadvantage in being an independent company is that they don't have enough money as they are not funded by major television organisations.
CONGLOMERATES
A television conglomerate is a television company that owns a number of different television companies. An example of a media conglomerate is CBS Corporation. CBS Corporation is an American media corporation that focuses on commercial broadcasting, publishing and television production. In this particular case, CBS Corporation owns a television production company named CBS Television Studios. CBS Television Studios is one of the leading suppliers of primetime programming for basic and premium cable in America. The studio broadcasts different programs including the NCIS and the CSI franchise. NCIS first broadcast in September 2003 and is still running in its 13th season. CSI, otherwise known as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation first broadcast in October 2000 and finally ended in September 2015. Other television series include The Good Wife (2009 - Present), Elementary (2012 - Present) and Hawaii Five-O (2010 - Present). CBS also program late night talk shows that have premiered recently including The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (first broadcast in September 2015) and The Late Late Show with James Corden (first broadcast in March 2015). An advantage of being a conglomerate in the media industry is that if a movie or a television company in the same conglomerate were to combine, they can then put out a television show or they can make a movie of the television show.
Organisational structure of the conglomerate, The Walt Disney Company
STRUCTURE AND OWNERSHIP OF A TELEVISION COMPANY
Horizontal and Vertical Integration
Horizontal Integration is where an organisation develops by buying rival companies in the same sector. In this case, a television organisation buys other smaller television production companies. ITV is a private ownership television company, the company was previously known as Granada in 1955. Since its partnership between ITV and Granada, the channel has expanded since 1998 into lots of different channels. These channels being ITV2 (since 1998), ITV3 (since 2004), ITV4 (since 2005) and CITV (since 2006). An advantage of horizontal integration are that it allows more control on both prices and costs. It allows the television company to go into foreign television markets, which would also increase more profit if a foreign television company partnered with that company. A disadvantage however, is that there is an increased possibility of trust-issues between the company, which if a television company betrays the trust of the partnered company, the television company might face prosecution.
Vertical Integration is where a company has the ownership of the means of a production. An example of a vertically integrated company is The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company is a multi-national American mass media company, whose headquarters locate in California, USA. The Walt Disney Company own many movie production studios, television productions, networks, record labels and publishing companies. The most notable television production owned by The Walt Disney Studios is ABC Studios, established in 1985. Many notable programmes include Jimmy Kimmel Live! (since 2003), Grey's Anatomy (since 2005) and Once Upon A Time (since 2011). All these shows are aired on the ABC network, owned by Disney. An advantage for being a vertically integrated company include reducing transportation costs if the ownership (The Walt Disney Company) are closer to the television production studio (ABC Studios). A disadvantage include higher costs due to the lack of the competition by different suppliers.
According to www.ablongman.com, there are many different sections in a television company. This is the diagram shown:
At the top of the diagram shown is the President. The role of a president in a television company involves being in charge of the whole company. An example of a president is Robert Greenblatt, who from 2011, has been the president of NBC (commercial broadcast television network in the USA. Underneath, there is the General Manager, who is in charge of 5 different sections of the television company. There are three sections that are key in a television company. The first section involves the News Department. The top job in this department are News Directors, who is in charge of a news department, then going down, there are Producers and Assistant Producers, News Anchor (otherwise known as a Presenter), Editors, Reporters, Writers and Camera Operators. The second section is the Sales Department. The top job in this department is the Sales Manager, who is in charge of the department, the Local Sales Manager, who looks at sales locally around the area and the National Sales Manager, who is in charge of sales in a national area, like the UK. The third section involves the Program Department, which is in charge of programs being made and then aired in a television company. The top job role is the Program Manager, who is in charge of maintaining the programs made by the company is aired, and maintaining they do not have any content which might be unsuitable for children. If this situation happens, the program manager has to make the program go at a later date. Then, the Production Manager who is in charge of the making of the program, which involves Actors and the Production Department.
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